MINING COMPANIES IN TURKEY

MINERALS SETTS, CUBSTONES AND FLAGSTONES, OF NATURAL STONES Natural building stones are rocks of various origins which are processed and sized to be used in construction. Marble, traver­ tine,granite, andesite, basalt and diabase are among impor­ tant building stones.

MINERALS MINERAL OILS Fossil fuel or mineral fuel, hydrocarbon and natural energy source containing high levels of carbon. Coal, oil and natural gas; is a prime example of such fuels. It is formed by the dissolution of dead living organisms in an oxygen-free environment for millions of years.

MINERALS BENTONITE is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite.

MINERALS EMERY AND OTHER ABRASIVES Is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder. It largely consists of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide), mixed with other species such as the iron-bearing spinels hercynite and magnetite and also rutile (titania). Industrial emery may contain a variety of other minerals and synthetic compounds such as magnesia, mullite, and silica.

MINERALS SULPHUR Pure Sulphur is bright yellow. The color may be altered if impurities are present. Clay and selenium impurities, as well as volcanic mixtures in sulfur can cause it to be slightly red, green, brown, or gray. Sulphur often occurs in petroleum deposits, where it is found coated with greasy black petroleum. Sulphur is soft, light in weight, and very brittle. Care must be exercised when handling and storing specimens. When kept moist or not allowed to dry when wet, hydrogen will mix with the Sulfur, forming hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which causes the deterioration of a specimen. To prevent this, Sulfur should not be stored under humid conditions. It is best not to wash Sulfur specimens, as warm water can dissolve it. Sulfur also has the tendency to crack when exposed to mild heat, including body heat. It should be handled as little as possible, and kept out of light to avoid cracking.

MINERALS GYPSUM, ANHYDRITE, PLASTERS Gypsum is a mineral containing calsium sul­ fate in its chemical composition. In addition to natural Gypsum, synthetic gypsum is pro­ duced as well. Important gypsum sources include ankm orum, Yozgat, Erzincan, Ankara-Bala, Sivas, Kars-Kağızman, Tuzluca, Denizli-Sarayköy and Niğde-Karakol.

MINERALS COBALT ORES AND CONCENTRATES Used in superalloys for jet engines, chemicals (paint driers, catalysts, magnetic coatings, pigments, rechargeable batteries), magnets, and cemented carbides for cutting tools. Principal cobalt producing countries include Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Canada, Cuba, Australia, and Russia. The United States uses about one-third of total world consumption. Cobalt resources in the United States are low grade and production from these deposits is usually not economically feasible.